Biology 9700 · AS & A Level · Respiration

Respiration — practice question

Maize, Zea mays, is a cereal crop adapted for growth at high temperatures. Even so, it is less drought-tolerant than some other crops, for example sorghum. An investigation examined the effect of low water availability on mitochondria taken from maize seedlings. Young seedlings were uprooted and kept in dry air for different lengths of time so that the water potential of their tissues fell.
(a)[2]

Explain why this treatment lowered the water potential of the maize seedling tissues.

(b)

After drying in air, mitochondria were isolated from the seedling tissues. The isolated mitochondria were then supplied with succinate, which is one of the intermediate compounds in the Krebs cycle, together with ADP and inorganic phosphate. The rate of oxygen uptake by the extracted mitochondria was measured. The results are shown in Fig. 4.1.

(b(i))[2]

Describe the pattern shown in Fig. 4.1.

(b(ii))[4]

The mitochondria take up oxygen. Explain how this oxygen, plus the succinate, ADP and inorganic phosphate, are used by the mitochondria.

(c(i))[3]

In a second experiment, mitochondrial membranes were observed to lose their normal arrangement when water potential was low. Suggest why membranes in cells lose their normal structure when the water potential is low.

(c(ii))[3]

Suggest how this could explain the results shown in Fig. 4.1.

(d)[2]

When water potential in tissues is low, sorghum mitochondria are affected in much the same way as maize mitochondria. Describe two adaptations of sorghum plants that help prevent low water potentials developing in their tissues during drought conditions.

Worked solution & mark scheme

This 16-mark question has a full step-by-step worked solution and mark scheme. One marking point: loss of water by evaporation / transpiration

  • Full mark scheme, point by point
  • Step-by-step worked solution
  • Write your answer & get it marked instantly by AI