(a)[3]
At times, the gene needed for genetic engineering cannot be taken from the donor organism. Instead, the gene is synthesised by one of two different methods. Outline the two methods for synthesising a gene for use in genetic engineering.
(b)[3]
DNA ligase and DNA polymerase are two enzymes used in genetic engineering. Complete Table 8.1 to show the roles of DNA ligase and DNA polymerase in genetic engineering. Use a tick (✓) if the enzyme has the role or a cross (\times) if the enzyme does not have the role.
(c)[3]
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to make many copies of a gene. Three temperatures are used in a PCR cycle. State the three temperatures that are used, and outline what happens at each temperature during a PCR cycle.