Explain how the gene mutation responsible for sickle cell anaemia is linked to the lower oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells.
Predict how an increase in blood volume affects ADH secretion and state one kidney-function consequence of this change in ADH secretion.
Suggest how a rise in blood pressure within the pulmonary capillaries can make fluid enter the alveoli.
With reference to Fig. 3.1, describe how kidney disease affects the risk of developing TACO. Suggest reasons for this pattern.
Patients who are at high risk of developing TACO after a blood transfusion may be given a type of drug known as a loop diuretic. In normal urine production, $99\%$ of sodium ions in the glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed and $1\%$ are excreted. In the urine production of people who take loop diuretics, $80\%$ of sodium ions in the glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed and $20\%$ are excreted. Explain how loop diuretics change water reabsorption in the kidneys and suggest why this lowers the risk of developing TACO after a blood transfusion.