(a)[2]
Suggest how Avastin® can stop a tumour from growing and spreading.
(b(i))[1]
State the antigen that is injected into a mouse in order to produce this monoclonal antibody.
(b(ii))[1]
State what is meant by a hybridoma.
(c)[3]
The monoclonal antibody made by the hybridoma method is altered to produce a humanised mouse antibody. This kind of antibody molecule is similar to those made by humans. Suggest advantages of using humanised mouse antibody rather than mouse antibody.
(d)[2]
A second monoclonal antibody, ranibizumab (Lucentis®), is used to treat eye disease. Lucentis® is a fragment of Avastin® and is shown in Fig. 2.1. Complete Fig. 2.1 so that it shows a molecule of Avastin®. Labels are not required.