Outline the steps that would then be needed to make a clone of hybridoma cells that secretes an antibody against this bacterium.
Suggest how H9-1 is used in the diagnosis of syphilis, using a sample taken from a sore and placed on a microscope slide.
Before H9-1 was developed, two tests were used to look for T. pallidum: dark-field microscopy, where treponemes could be seen moving against a dark background, and testing for anti-treponemal antibodies in blood plasma. Suggest why, at the early stage of an infection, the presence of T. pallidum might escape detection by either of these tests.
Using Table 2.1, compare how accurately the different tests diagnose the presence of T. pallidum.
Suggest why blood testing for anti-treponemal antibodies gave two positive results in patients who were later shown not to have the infection.
Describe briefly one use of a monoclonal antibody in the treatment of disease.