All living organisms need energy. The main immediate source of energy is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used in every cell for moving ions against a concentration gradient, known as ............................................. . ATP is described as the universal currency of energy. ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide and is a ‘high energy’ molecule. It contains the organic base adenine, a 5 carbon sugar called ............................................. and three phosphate groups. ATP is highly soluble in ............................................. and can move easily within the cell. Removing the outer phosphate group by the process of ............................................. releases energy. The energy produced by this reaction can be transferred directly to other reactions in the cell. Some of this energy is lost as ............................................. . ATP is continually broken down and reformed quickly by respiration.
Glucose made in the liver cell may be released into the blood to help keep blood glucose concentration steady. State one use of glucose inside the liver cell.
Suggest why anaerobic respiration is regarded as less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Complete the table by showing the exact location, within the muscle cell, of glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose made in the liver cell may be released into the blood to help keep blood glucose concentration steady. State one use of glucose inside the liver cell.
Suggest why anaerobic respiration is regarded as less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Fill in the table with the precise locations, in the muscle cell, of glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose is phosphorylated at the start of glycolysis in the muscle cell. Suggest why this phosphorylated glucose cannot diffuse out of the cell into the surrounding tissue fluid.
Additional oxygen is needed in the metabolic pathways used to convert lactate to glucose. State the term for this additional oxygen.