(a(i))[2]
Outline how mutations can lead to the formation of a tumour.
(a(ii))[2]
One type of tumour specific antigen (TSA) has a structure that differs from the protein on the cell surface of non-tumour cells by a single amino acid. Explain how a gene mutation could lead to production of this TSA.
(b(i))[3]
Describe how vaccination with a particular type of TSA could result in tumour-cell destruction by T-lymphocytes in the body.
(b(ii))[2]
Vaccines containing tumour cells rather than a TSA are being developed for use in immunotherapy. Tumour cells are taken from a patient’s body and used to make a vaccine for that same patient. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using a patient’s tumour cells in a vaccine instead of a TSA.