(a)[2]
The actual length of epithelial cell A measured along line P-Q is $35\,\mu\text{m}$. Calculate the magnification of the image in Fig. 4.1. Write the formula first and use it in your calculation. Show all your working.
(b(i))[2]
State what happens during interphase to ready a cell for division.
(b(ii))[2]
Explain how a cell signalling molecule, such as VEGF, can bring about a response in a cell.
(c)[4]
Outline the hybridoma technique used to produce monoclonal antibodies that target the VEGF protein.
(d)[1]
Suggest why repeated treatment with monoclonal antibodies can cause these effects.