(a(i))[1]
State the name of the part marked X.
(a(ii))[1]
State the name of the bond marked Y.
(a(iii))[1]
The antibody molecule in Fig. 1.1 has quaternary structure. Explain what is meant by the term quaternary structure when referring to proteins.
(b)[4]
When a pathogen enters the body, a primary immune response occurs. This response includes the production of antibodies. Describe the stages of the immune response that result in antibody production against a specific antigen.
(c)[2]
Vaccination was used in the eradication of smallpox. Explain, in terms of antigens, why it has not been possible to do the same for malaria.