Describe how monoclonal antibodies are made using the hybridoma method.
Abciximab is a medicine derived from a monoclonal antibody. It is used to stop blood clotting in the coronary arteries in people with coronary heart disease. Abciximab prevents blood clotting by stopping platelets from sticking together. Fig. 6.1 shows platelets and abciximab in a coronary artery. State the letter in Fig. 6.1 that represents: the target antigen for abciximab; the constant region of abciximab; one of the antigen binding sites of abciximab.
Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle cells. The passage describes the cardiac cycle of the heart and the structures in the heart that regulate it. Complete the passage by inserting the most suitable scientific terms. The sinoatrial node is situated in the wall of the ......................................................., one of four chambers of the mammalian heart. Electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node reach the atrioventricular node, which sends impulses towards the apex of the heart along a chain of specialised muscle fibres called ....................................................... . Pressure rises in the ventricles when they contract in the stage of the cardiac cycle known as ....................................................... .