(a)[3]
RA is classified as an auto-immune disease in which the immune system treats some self antigens as non-self. Explain what is meant by the term non-self antigens.
(b(i))[3]
The inflammation in RA is started by a chemical called TNF-$\alpha$, made by macrophages. One treatment option for RA is the use of a monoclonal antibody against TNF-$\alpha$. Fig. 3.1 shows the structure of an antibody molecule. Name the parts of the antibody molecule labelled P, Q and R.
(b(ii))[1]
Name the type of bonds that hold the polypeptide chains together in the antibody structure.
(c(i))[3]
Outline how monoclonal antibody against TNF-$\alpha$ is produced.
(c(ii))[2]
Suggest how monoclonal antibody against TNF-$\alpha$ can reduce the symptoms of RA.