Biology 9700 · AS & A Level · Antibodies and vaccination

Antibodies and vaccination — practice question

Pathogens can gain entry to the body in several different ways, such as across the gas exchange surfaces. The body possesses a number of defence systems that help prevent pathogens entering and spreading through the body. Fig. 2.1 shows an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the lining of a bronchiole.
(a(i))[2]

Name the tissue X and the cell Y.

(a(ii))[3]

Using the structures shown in Fig. 2.1, state three ways in which the lining of the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles protects against the entry of bacterial pathogens.

(b(i))[1]

State what occurs at stage J.

(b(ii))[2]

Explain the function of cell L at stage K in the immune response.

(c)[3]

Using Fig. 2.2, explain how the response to a second infection by the same pathogen is different from the first.

(d(i))[1]

Suggest how the following reduces the effectiveness of an immune response. The number of T-lymphocytes is lowered in a person with HIV/AIDS.

(d(ii))[1]

Suggest how the following reduces the effectiveness of an immune response. Some pathogens are enclosed in cell surface membranes from their host.

(d(iii))[1]

Suggest how the following reduces the effectiveness of an immune response. B-lymphocytes do not mature properly and do not recognise any antigens.

Worked solution & mark scheme

This 14-mark question has a full step-by-step worked solution and mark scheme. One marking point: “X refers to ciliated epithelium; Y refers to red blood cell/erythrocyte” …

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